松嫩平原部分县域重点工业企业发展与污染防治同步策略探讨

县域工业污染防治是工业化、城镇化进程中一个不可忽视的问题。应注重排放COD、烟尘等主要污染物浓度高且量较大的重点行业和企业,根据这些企业的运行规律和当地的气候特点,深入开展污染防治。以松嫩平原北部,有代表性的工业城市所辖县为重点,进行了探讨。     

Experimental study on detonation flame penetrating through flame arrester

In-line detonation flame arresters are important safety apparatus to prevent group tank fires caused by the spreading of fire through vapor connection lines. In this study, a DN50 experimental apparatus aimed at the detonation flame penetration characteristics and failure mechanisms in a flame arrester was set up, and a series of experiments were carried out with 6.6% C2H4 and air mixture. Pressure, and velocity of flame penetrating through flame arrester housing and filters were analyzed. Experimental results showed that the attenuation of pressure and velocity was proportional to the thickness of the filters. Two failure modes of the fire-extinguishing process in the flame arrester were captured directly with a high-speed camera. In Mode I, the detonation flame could go straight through the flame arrester filters when the filters were too thin. In Mode II, when the filters were not sufficiently thick, the remained shock wave pressure of detonation flame was still several times of the initial pressure and could rise sharply at the downstream contraction section, resulting in that the flammable gas at the downstream transition section could be compressed and reignited even the flame had been extinguished by filters. These conclusions are helpful to reveal the nature of failure modes of fire-extinguishing process and design flame arresters with high fire-resisting performance by structure improved.     

PAN dust explosion inhibition mechanisms of NaHCO3 and Al(OH)3

We investigate the PAN dust explosion inhibition behaviors of NaHCO₃ and Al(OH)₃ in a 20 L spherical explosion system and a transparent pipe explosion propagation test system. The results show that, in the standard 20 L spherical explosion system, the highest PAN dust explosion concentration is 500 g/m³, the maximum explosion pressure is 0.661 MPa, and the maximum explosion pressure increase rate is 31.64 MPa/s; adding 50% NaHCO₃ and 60% Al(OH)₃ can totally inhibit PAN dust explosion. In the DN0.15 m transparent pipe explosion propagation test system, for 500 g/m³ PAN dust, the initial explosion flame velocity is 102 m/s, the initial pressure is 0.46 MPa, and the initial temperature is 967 °C; adding 60% NaHCO₃ and 70% Al(OH)₃ can totally inhibit PAN dust explosion flames. Through FTIR and TG analyses, we obtain the explosion products and pyrolysis patterns of the explosion products of PAN dust, NaHCO₃, and Al(OH)₃. On this basis, we also summarize the PAN dust explosion inhibition mechanisms of NaHCO₃ and Al(OH)₃.     

Assessment of the effect of technical and management characteristics on the frequency of release from piping: An application to a gas storage facility

The assessment of the frequencies of release from piping due to losses of containment is an essential step in the preparing Safety Reports, drawn up as required by the so-called “Seveso” Directive. These are usually calculated starting from the frequencies of random rupture included in international databases and are not plant-specific, furthermore, the quantification of the effect of the safety management system of the facility is not easy. A simple and flexible approach quantifying technical and management characteristics of the plant has been proposed by Milazzo and co-workers in 2010; it is based on the modification of the frequency taken from literature, through the use of the percentages of failure causes actually possible in that plant, and the judgment about their management. The data about the failure causes are taken from the literature and modified by using corrective factors to adapt them to the industrial context. To make possible the application of the method to a large number of major-hazard industry types, some aspects of the approach needed to be improved; these have been identified during a development project coordinated by RINA Consulting, on behalf of Saipem, with the collaboration of the University of Messina. The improvement of the approach focused on two main points, the development of a method to calculate the corrective factors for the failure causes associated with corrosion and erosion phenomena and the strengthening of the methodology for the formulation of the judgment about the safety management. This paper illustrates the fully improved method, as well as an application to a typical gas storage plant.     

我国东部沿海地区农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析

农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析,是乡村地理学研究的重要内容。论文通过构建农村发展态势评价指标体系,应用因子分析方法和驱动力指数模型,开展了我国东部沿海地区农村发展态势评价与驱动力分析。结果如下:①1990年农村发展水平普遍比较落后,2000年农村发展总体格局基本形成,2005年各地区普遍进入中等以上发达水平,但区域差异进一步拉大,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲地区农村发展呈面状辐射扩散态势;②除人均耕地面积、单位播种面积农业机械总动力外,其他指标均为农村发展的积极推动因素,尤以农民人均所得指标为最;③今后应借助工业化、城镇化的外部动力和农村自我发展能力的合力助推,倡导资源节约集约利用与生态环境保护意识,注重农村劳动力资源的培育与引进,既要进行农村产业升级,强化非农产业发展,又要加快现代农业建设。     

济南秋季大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的在线观测

2008年9月29日—10月15日使用大气细颗粒物快速捕集系统实时、在线分析了济南秋季PM2.5中水溶性离子的质量浓度,并结合气象资料和部分前体物(SO2,NOx和O3)浓度进行了相关分析.结果表明:济南秋季燃煤污染严重,SO42-,NO3-和NH4+是大气PM2.5中水溶性离子的主要组分,三者质量浓度之和占总水溶性离子(TW SI)质量浓度的90%以上;SO42-污染物主要受远距离传输的影响,NO3-和NH4+污染物主要受局地源的影响;SO42-和NO3-的昼夜形成机理不同,它们的形成过程主要受相对湿度、温度和O3浓度的影响.周边地区生物质燃烧导致了济南重污染天气的产生,降水对污染物的清除作用较强.对比土壤和海盐中各种离子的质量浓度比可知,济南秋季PM2.5中的K+受生物质燃烧的影响较大,C l-主要来源于海盐和生物质燃烧,Na+主要来源于海盐.     

好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及应用研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥凭借其密实的结构、多样的微生物种群以及优良的沉降性能,已经引起了污水生物处理领域许多学者的兴趣.本文总结了近年来国内外好氧颗粒污泥技术和应用的最新研究成果,包括好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其微生物相、环境条件对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响、好氧颗粒污泥模型以及在处理市政污水和含毒工业废水上的应用,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥的应用前景.     

化妆品生产废水处理技术研究进展

文章综述了化妆品生产废水的来源及特征,介绍了针对化妆品生产废水的物理、化学、物化、生物及生态处理技术,包括近几年研究的新技术,为化妆品生产废水处理方式提供了参考。     

活性焦脱硫脱硝的机理研究

采用质谱仪在线检测的方法,研究了不同组成的模拟烟气在活性焦上的吸附行为;并应用SEM、FT-IR、XPS、BET等手段表征了活性焦的结构性质。结果表明,活性焦脱硫脱硝性能与活性焦的孔隙结构和表面化学特性密切相关,孔容是决定污染物初期脱除率的主要因素;表面官能团则在污染物的化学吸附上发挥着重要作用,是吸附、催化的活化中心;二氧化硫较一氧化氮优先吸附在活性焦上;烟气中氧气或水蒸汽的单独存在对脱硫脱硝均不会有明显的影响,当烟气中同时存在氧气和水蒸汽时,活性焦的脱硫脱硝效果可明显改善;氨的存在既可将一氧化氮还原为氮气,又能增强活性焦脱除二氧化硫的效果。     

活性黑KN-B染料的生物降解研究

通过试验考察了厌氧条件下活性黑KN-B的生物降解历程,同时对染料的降解动力学及降解机理进行了初步探讨与分析。结果表明:厌氧颗粒污泥可以单独降解活性黑KN-B(以活性黑为单一碳源时,活性黑KN-B的24降解率为43.1%),也可以在以葡萄糖为共基质条件下降解活性黑KN-B;以活性黑KN-B为单一碳源时其降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,而以葡萄糖为共基质时其降解过程符合二级反应动力学方程;对降解前和降解24h后的降解液采用UV一可见、红外光谱分析,用UV-可见光谱发现活性黑KN-B在可见光区600nm处的吸收峰已消失,并且紫外区309nm处的吸收峰减弱,但255nm处的吸收峰增强,说明活性黑KN-B染料中的偶氮键断裂后生成芳香胺类化合物,这些中间产物可进一步降解。用红外光谱分析,结果与UV-可见光谱分析一致。